Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é refletir sobre os dilemas normativos que rondam o futuro das transferências de renda no Brasil, pós-pandemia. Iniciamos pela análise dos impactos da pandemia sobre resultados socioeconômicos e dos efeitos do auxílio emergencial sobre a distribuição de renda. Abordamos a discussão atual sobre os limites do Bolsa Família e o conceito de renda básica universal. Introduzimos três princípios de justiça para nortear nossa análise normativa: o igualitarismo, o prioritarismo e o suficientismo. Mostramos como esses conceitos permitem fazer questões sobres os objetivos de políticas e sobre dilemas morais implicados nos desenhos e métodos de implementação. Mostramos ainda que os próprios princípios de justiça são modificados quando levamos em conta aspectos práticos e não ideais da realidade sobre quais políticas são elaboradas.

Abstract In this article, we analyze the normative dilemmas that surround the future of cash transfers in Brazil, after the Covid-19 pandemic. We begin by analyzing the impacts of the pandemic on socioeconomic outcomes and the effects of emergency aid on the income distribution. We address the current discussion about the limits of Bolsa Família and how the concept of a universal basic income. We introduce three principles of justice to guide our normative analysis: egalitarianism, prioritarianism, and sufficientarianism. We show how these concepts allow us to ask unique questions about policy objectives and moral dilemmas implied by the policy designs and methods of implementation. We also show that the principles of justice themselves are modified when we take into account practical and non-ideal aspects of the reality on which policies are elaborated.

Resumo Neste artigo, analisar-se-á o movimento de adesão teórico-conceitual e política à democracia, realizado por um grupo de intelectuais comunistas brasileiros ao longo dos anos 1970 e 1980. Apresentar-se-á a hipótese histórica de que a publicação realizada por Carlos Nelson Coutinho do ensaio “A democracia como valor universal”, em 1979, deve ser considerada momento decisivo em torno da adesão à democracia por intelectuais marxistas, particularmente vinculados ao comunismo, no Brasil. Posteriormente, uma meticulosa interpretação de como o movimento de adesão à democracia política foi realizado e justificado a partir de um renovado arcabouço teórico-conceitual marxista - com conceitos de Lukács, Gramsci e Lenin - é apresentada.

Abstract This article analyzes the theoretical-conceptual and political adhesion to democracy by a group of Brazilian communist intellectuals throughout the 1970s and 1980s. It presents the historical hypothesis that the publishing of Carlos Nelson Coutinho’s essay “Democracy as a universal value”, in 1979, is the decisive moment in terms of adhesion to democracy by Marxist intellectuals, particularly those linked to communism, in Brazil. This article also presents a particular interpretation of how the movement towards adhesion to political democracy was accomplished and justified from a renewed Marxist theoretical-conceptual framework - with concepts from Lukács, Gramsci and Lenin.

In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen presents an approach to justice that seeks to make comparisons based on social realizations. This approach focuses attention both on real political-social institutions and on people's behaviour, as well as other potential influences affecting the degree of justice existing in a given society. The new theoretical proposal advanced by Sen (2009) differs then from the theory of justice formulated by John Rawls (1999a) and other contemporary theorists. In the eyes of the Indian author, the theory formulated by Rawls searches for solutions to questions of perfect justice and suffers from problems of feasibility and redundancy. In this article, I argue, centring attention on the question of the appropriate primary subject of social justice, that the critique and subsequent proposal for change of the subject of justice presented by Sen (2009) can be judged mistaken. From a liberal-egalitarian perspective, the primary subject of social justice should be the basic structure of society as formulated by Rawls. Hence I explore the idea that Rawls's option to focus on this subject is directly associated with this particular conception of social justice. I also look to show that Sen's (2009) critique of the redundancy of contemporary theories of justice can be considered implausible. I argue that an ideal theory, such as the one formulated by Rawls, is central to practical guidelines for actions that seek to lessen injustices in real life situations.